Amaurosis Fugax
Transient visual loss Amaurosis fugax is a harbinger of an imminent stroke. Amaurosis fugax is…
Chest radiograph signs of Pulmonary Embolism
Classic chest radiograph signs of pulmonary emboli include – Signs of Pulmonary EmbolismFindings on X-Ray1…
Medicine MCQs – 19
All of the following are findings in Bronchiectasis EXCEPT -
CT findings include airway dilation (detected as parallel “tram tracks” or as the “signet-ring sign”
Fleishner sign - central pulmonary artery enlargement - sign seen in Pulmonary emboli
FACED scale uses ---------------- to predict clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis as one of the parameters.
FACED scale uses the FEV-1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second), age of the affected person, presence of chronic infection, extent of disease (number of lung lobes involved) and dyspnea scale rating (MRC dyspnea scale) to predict clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis.
Bronchial dilation in bronchiectasis is characterized ALL of the following EXCEPT -
- Broncho arterial ratio (BAR) of more than 1
- Lack of bronchial tapering (normal airways diminish in caliber as they extend toward the lung periphery)
- Visibility of airways within 1 cm of the pleural surface (normal airways should not be visualized this far out in the lung periphery
- Abutting the mediastinal pleural surface
Which of the following has a particular propensity for colonizing damaged airways in bronchiectasis?
Pseudomonas
All of the following are common ccauses of 'Traction bronchiectasis' EXCEPT -
Traction bronchiectasis seen in - pulmonary fibrosis or distorted lung parenchymal architecture.
Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation in bronchiectasis ?
Most common clinical presentation is a persistent productive cough with ongoing production of thick, tenacious sputum.
Which of the following is the imaging modality of choice for confirming the diagnosis?
Chest computed tomography (CT) is more specific for bronchiectasis and is the imaging modality of choice for confirming the diagnosis.
Which of the following cells dominate in airway inflammation of bronchiectasis?
Neutrophils
Neutrophils dominate airway inflammation in bronchiectasis, driven by high concentrations of neutrophil chemoattractants such as interleukin-8 (CXCL-8), and leukotriene B4.
Which is the cardinal sign of bronchiectasis?
Bronchial dilation
Bronchial dilation, the cardinal sign of bronchiectasis
FACED scale is used in bronchiectasis for -
Bronchiectasis Severity Index and the FACED scale
Two clinical scales have been used to predict disease severity and outcomes in bronchiectasis
Hanging Jaw Sign
“Hanging Jaw Sign” Myasthenia gravis Weakness of the muscles of facial expression and muscles of…
Medicine MCQs-18
presence of “tram tracks” in CT scan chest seen in -
Bronchiectasis -presence of “tram tracks” indicating dilated airways is consistent with bronchiectasis.
Mononeuritis multiplex most commonly involves -
Mononeuritis multiplex most commonly involves the peroneal nerve, but also involves the ulnar, radial, internal popliteal, and occasionally, cranial nerves.
Which of the following medicine has side effect of 'dry mouth'?
Anticholinergics
Anticholinergic, sympathomimetic, or diuretic drugs are usually responsible
Which of the following shows characteristic “eggshell” pattern?
characteristic “eggshell” pattern -silicosis
Which of the following is the commonest form of Bronchiectasis?
Tubular - most common form of Bronchiectasis
Varicose, Cystic, Cylindrical
All of the following are false about 'Lead neuropathy' EXCEPT -
Lead toxicity is a very rare cause of neuropathy in adults. It has an unusual pattern that is classically an isolated motor neuropathy with a predilection for extensor muscles of the arms and legs.
Which is the most common cancer associated with asbestos exposure?
Lung cancer is the most common cancer associated with asbestos exposure.
Bronchodilator effect is due to inhibition of -
Bronchodilator effect of Theophylline is due to inhibition of phosphodiesterases
Whic of the following the the most common CT finding in EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS?
most common CT findings include -
bilateral ground-glass opacity and airspace consolidation that is predominantly subpleural.
Other CT findings include bronchial wall thickening, hyperinflation, interlobular septal thickening, lymph node enlargement, and pericardial and pleural effusion
“signet-ring sign” in CT chest seen in -
Bronchiectasis
CT findings include airway dilation - detected as parallel
“tram tracks”
“signet-ring sign”
Focal bronchiectasis seen in which of the following cases?
Focal Obstruction
- aspirated foreign body
- tumor mass
Medicine MCQs- 17
Most common dementia diagnosis among older adults
Alzheimer’s disease,
Shuffling gait seen characteristically in -
Parkinsonian gait known as shuffling gait presents as short steps, narrow-based with flexed knees and stooped posture.
FREEZING GAIT is seen in all of the following EXCEPT -
Parkinsonism
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Multiple-system atrophy
Corticobasal degeneration
ALL of the following are correct about 'cautious gait' EXCEPT -
walks with an abbreviated stride and lowered center of mass， as if walking on a slippery surface
This disorder can be observed in more than one-third of older patients with gait impairment.
Tropical spastic paraparesis is caused by -
HTLV-1
Tropical spastic paraparesis - is a medical condition that causes weakness, muscle spasms, and sensory disturbance by human T-lymphotropic virus
What is the commonest type of gait disorders can also be classified by etiology?
Gait disorders can also be classified by etiology
Sensory deficit - 18%
Myelopathy - 16%
Multiple infarcts - 15%
Parkinsonism -11%
Most common cause of frontal gait disorder is -
Most common cause of frontal gait disorder is vascular disease
Most common cause of frontal gait disorder is vascular disease， particularly subcortical small-vessel disease. Lesions are frequently found in the deep frontal white matter and centrum ovale.
Cerebellar gait ataxia is characterized by ALL of the following EXCEPT -
Cerebellar gait ataxia is characterized by a
wide base of support
Lateral instability of trunk
Erratic foot placement
Decompensation of balance
Commonest cause of cerebellar ataxia in older patients -
Causes of cerebellar ataxia in older patients include stroke , trauma，tumor，and neurodegenerative disease
Frontal gait disorder is also known as -
Frontal gait disorder sometimes known as gait apraxia，
Medicine MCQs-16
All of the following causes Hypercalcemia EXCEPT -
Hypercalcemia - sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, Paget disease
Hypocalcemia is common in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Hypercalcemia of malignancy occurs in approximately ........ of all cancer patients during their clinical course.
Hypercalcemia of malignancy occurs in approximately 20% of all cancer patients during their clinical course.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein cause hypercalcemia by all of the following mechanism EXCEPT -
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
similarity in structure, it acts at the same receptor as PTH and causes bone resorption, increased phosphate excretion from the proximal tubules, and calcium reabsorption from the distal tubules. It does not have any effect on 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D production.
Which of the following is the commonest pathophysiology of hypercalcemia of malignancy?
Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
Excessive secretion of PTHrP is the most common cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy. It is also known as humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and accounts for about 80% of the cases.
Hungry bone syndrome seen after -
Parathyroid surgery
While mild hypocalcemia is common after partial parathyroidectomy, some people experience persistently prolonged low calcium levels. This is called hungry bone syndrome.
What s the mechanism of action of Denosumab?
Denosumab inhibits this maturation of osteoclasts by binding to and inhibiting RANKL.
Most common cause of hypercalcemia is -
Hyperparathyroidism
Human monoclonal antibody useful for treatment of hypercalcemia?
Denosumab - Human monoclonal antibody against RANKL
Inhibits the maturation, function and survival of osteoclasts.
Most common cancer associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy is -
The most common cancer associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy is multiple myeloma which has the highest prevalence of hypercalcemia of malignancy.
Denosumab mimics the natural action of -
Denosumab mimics the natural action of osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily
Medicine MCQs-15
Which nerve fiber has slowest conduction velocity?
Type C
C fibers are unmyelinated unlike most other fibers in the nervous system.
This lack of myelination is the cause of their slow conduction velocity
ALL of the following causes stocking neuropathy EXCEPT -
Excess vitamin B6 can cause nerve damage
In the CNS, including the spinal cord, myelin sheaths are produced by -
In the CNS, including the spinal cord, myelin sheaths are produced by oligodendrocytes and not by Schwann cells.
Dysesthesias restricted to the fifth digit and the adjacent one-half of the fourth finger on one hand point to disorder of the -
Dysesthesias restricted to the fifth digit and the adjacent one-half of the fourth finger on one hand reliably point to disorder of the ulnar nerve， most commonly at the elbow
Most common polyneuropathy is -
Most common polyneuropathy is diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy
Most common inherited cause of peripheral neuropathy -
Most common type inherited cause of peripheral neuropathy is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
This is one of the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies.
All of the following are CORRECT for peripheral neuropathy EXCEPT -
Toes are involved first then Fingers
Megavitamin-B6 syndrome has been reported in doses as low as -
Megavitamin-B6 syndrome has been reported in doses as low as 24 mg/day
ALL of the following are CORRECT about Wallerian degeneration EXCEPT -
Part of the axon distal to the injury (i.e. farther from the neuron's cell body) degenerates
Wallerian degeneration is an active process of degeneration that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed and the part of the axon distal to the injury (i.e. farther from the neuron's cell body) degenerates
Inverted champagne bottle appearance seen in -
Lipodermatosclerosis
Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease
Which of the following nerve fibers first involved in Peripheral Neuropathy?
Type C
Medicine MCQs-14
Stemmer-Kaposi sign is a helpful clinical sign in diagnosing -
Kaposi-Stemmer sign - inability to pinch and lift the skin at the dorsum of the base of the second toe
Kaposi-Stemmer sign has been shown to be the most useful.
Recent study has proven the link between geographic tongue and ....
Recent study has proven the link between geographic tongue and psoriasis - the presence of geographic tongue can be a predictor of psoriasis.
Milroy's disease is -
Milroy's disease - autosomal dominant
Blueberry muffin baby is due to -
Blueberry muffin baby - also known as extramedullary hematopoiesis
Hereditary Lymphedema type II known as -
Hereditary lymphedema type II - known as - Meige disease
Most common presentation of Milroy Disease is -
Most common presentation of Milroy Disease is unilateral lower extremity lymphedema
Milroy's disease is also known as -
Primary or hereditary lymphedema type 1A
Early onset lymphedema.
Most widely accepted cause of Yellow nail syndrome is dysfunction of - lymphatic system
Most widely accepted explanation for the signs and symptoms associated with Yellow nail syndrome is a dysfunction of the lymphatic system.
Which of the following is called potato nose?
Rhinophyma
Virchow's law is applied for which of the following?
Virchow's law - during craniosynostosis, skull growth is restricted to a plane perpendicular to the affected, prematurely fused suture and is enhanced in a plane parallel to it.
Potato Nose [Rhinophyma] develops in certain individuals with -
Rhinophyma develops in some individuals after long-standing rosacea that has progressed to acne rosacea
Medicine MCQs -13
Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a reduction in systolic blood pressure of at least ...... mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least ..... mmHg within ..... min of standing
Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a reduction in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mmHg within 3 min of standing
When non painful stimulus is experienced as painful is is called as -
Hypesthesia or hypoethesia refers to a reduction of cutaneous sensation to a specifc type of testing such as pressure， light touch， and warm or cold stimuli
Allodynia describes the situation in which a nonpainful stimulus is experienced as painful
Hyperalgesia denotes severe pain in response to a mildly noxious stimulus
Which is the VECTOR for Babesiosis?
Babesiosis - Tick-borne
Tsetse flies - Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) - Parasite
Sandflies - Leishmaniasis.
Lice - Typhus - Louse-borne relapsing fever
Most common purpose of Lumbar puncture is in suspected -
Most common purpose is in suspected meningitis, since there is no other reliable tool with which meningitis, a life-threatening but highly treatable condition, can be excluded.
'Brugada syndrome' is most frequently linked to mutations in the
Brugada syndrome - most frequently linked to mutations in the Na+ channel α-subunit， SCN5A
Upper motor neuron lesions ALL of the following are CORRECT EXCEPT -
Fasciculations may be a sign of degeneration of lower motor neurons in which case they may be associated with muscle cramps and neuromyotonia.
'Coat-Hanger' headache seen in -
Headache of Orthostatic hypotension - is called coat-hanger ache because it affects the neck and shoulders in a coat-hanger pattern.
Neck pain， typically in the suboccipital， posterior cervical， and shoulder region (the "coat-hanger headache")，
Coat-hanger headache -most likely due to neck muscle ischemia
'Maltese crosses' under polarized light are commonly seen in the urinary sediment of patients with -
Maltese crosses under polarized light are commonly seen in the urinary sediment of patients with a nephrotic syndrome
Abiliity to identify common objects by palpation, recognizing their shape, texture and size is called as -
Stereognosis
'Maltese cross appearance' in RBCs seen in -
Babesia microti, a hemoprotozoan parasite of rodents, is also important as a zoonotic agent of human babesiosis. The Maltese cross form, which consists of four masses in an erythrocyte, is characteristic of the developmental stage of B. microti.
Downey cells
Seen in EBV infection Downey type I cells Downey type I cells are slightly larger…
Medicine MCQs – EBV
Epstein-Barr virus spreads primarily through -
Epstein-Barr virus, or EBV- It spreads primarily through saliva
Which is the most prominent sign in EBV infection?
Pharyngitis, often the most prominent sign, can be accompanied by enlargement of the tonsils with an exudate resembling that of streptococcal pharyngitis.
In EBV infection Lymphadenopathy most often affects -
Lymphadenopathy most often affects the posterior cervical nodes but may be generalized.
Enlarged lymph nodes are frequently
tender and symmetric but are not fixed in place.
"kissing disease" is other name for
Infectious mononucleosis is often called the kissing disease.
Epstein-Barr virus is spread through saliva.
In the endemic type Burkitt's lymphoma ALL of the following factors primarily contribute to its development EXCEPT -
In the endemic type Burkitt's lymphoma there are three factors that contribute to its development:
- Malaria,
- EBV,
- Expression of the c-myc gene.
All of the following are CORRECT for EBV infection EXCEPT -
Fever is usually low-grade and is most common in the first 2 weeks of the illness
Severity of the disease in EBV infection correlates with the levels of
Severity of the disease correlates with the levels of CD8+ T cells and EBV DNA in the blood.
Immunology MCQs
In the process of binding of IgE to human mast cells and basophils which of the following is mainly responsible?
The α chain is responsible for IgE binding, and the β and γ chains provide for signal transduction
Which is the least common Immunoglobulin?
IgE:
IgE is the least prevalent one, with a serum concentration 10,000 times lower than IgG.
Which is the primary mediator of vasodilation in "niacin flush"?
Primary mediator of vasodilation in "niacin flush" - Prostaglandin D2
Which is the largest immunoglobulin?
IgM is the largest antibody and the first one to be synthesized in response to an antigen or microbe, accounting for 5% of all immunoglobulins present in the blood. IgM typically exists as polymers of identical subunits, with a pentameric form as the prevalent one.
Which immunoglobulin is an important part of the immune response against infection by certain parasitic worms?
IgE
Prostanoids includes Prostaglandins and ---------
Prostaglandins and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), collectively termed prostanoids
Which is the smallest immunoglobulin?
IgG
Which is the major prostaglandin produced by mast cells?
Prostaglandin D2
Binding of IgE to human Mast cells and Basophils is called as -
Binding of IgE to human mast cells and basophils - Called sensitization
Sensitization - Prepares these cells for subsequent antigen specific activation.
Which is the most common Immunoglobulin?
IgG
Medicine MCQs 10 : STERILIZATION & DISINFECTION
Which antiseptic effectiveness is limited by the organism’s ability to produce catalase?
Hydrogen peroxide - effectiveness is limited by the organism’s ability to produce catalase
The process of complete elimination of vegetative forms of microorganisms except the bacterial spores from inanimate objects is called -
The process of complete elimination of vegetative forms of microorganisms except the bacterial spores from inanimate objects is called - Disinfection
germicide includes both antiseptics and disinfectants. Antiseptics are germicides applied to living tissue and skin; disinfectants are antimicrobials applied only to inanimate objects.
In general, antiseptics are used only on the skin and not for surface disinfection, and disinfectants are not used for skin antisepsis because they can injure skin and other tissues.
Which is the most frequently used method of sterilization in medical practice?
Moist heat sterilization, usually autoclaving, is the most frequently used method of sterilization.
Flash pasteurization involves exposure of milk and other liquid products to at least -
Flash pasteurization involves exposure of milk and other liquid products to at least 72°C (approx. 162°F) for at least 15 seconds
Which is the most effective skin antiseptic used in medical practice ?
Iodine is the most effective skin antiseptic used in medical practice
Greatest antimicrobial activity of UV light occurs at -
Greatest antimicrobial activity of UV light occurs at 250 to 260 nm, which is the wavelength region of maximum absorption by the purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA
Phobic Disorders
Which of the following is used for performance anxiety in Phobic Disorders ? Beta blockers…
