Medicine Question Bank

Medicine Question Bank @

Medicine

Delirium

Delirium Hallmark of delirium is a defcit of [A] Attention[B] Memory[C] Visuospatial tasks [D] Language...

Medicine

Thyroid hormone can cause which one of the following effects?

Thyroid hormone can cause which one of the following effects? A- HypoglycemiaB- Lowers blood cholesterolC-...

Medicine / Medicine MCQs

Tracheomalacia

Tracheomalacia Tracheomalacia is a condition characterized by excessive collapsibility of the tracheal walls due to...

Medicine

Lhermitte’s Sign

Lhermitte’s Sign DefinitionLhermitte’s sign is a transient electric-shock–like sensation that travels down the spine and...

Neurology

Brainstem Lesion Localization

Brainstem Lesion Localization 1. Ipsilateral oculomotor palsy with contralateral hemiplegia indicates: A. Benedikt syndrome B....

Neurology

Hunt and Hess Scale

Hunt and Hess Scale is a clinical grading system used to assess the severity of...

Cardiology Shorts / Medicine

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) FAQs – NEET-SS InfoBits Basics 1. What is High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema...

Medicine

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema is a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that occurs in...

Medicine

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Which of the following statement is true for diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia:...

Medicine

Ceruloderma

Ceruloderma Ceruloderma is a rare form of cutaneous hyperpigmentation characterized by a blue-grey skin discoloration, often...

Cardiology

Fractional Flow Reserve

Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) is an invasive physiologic index used in...

Renal Artery Denervation – 8 exam pearls

Cardiology

Present Status and Technique of Renal Artery Denervation (RDN)

Present Status and Technique of Renal Artery Denervation (RDN) Renal artery denervation is a catheter-based...

Coronary artery disease

Reversible platelet inhibition

Reversible platelet inhibition Reversible Platelet Inhibition Reversible platelet inhibition refers to temporary, non-covalent blockade of...

Anatomy

Arteria Lusoria

Arteria Lusoria Arteria lusoria refers to an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA)—the most common congenital...

Neurology

Cauda equina lesion

Cauda equina lesion A cauda equina lesion refers to pathology affecting the lumbosacral nerve roots...

Medicine

Calcineurin Inhibitor

Calcineurin Inhibitor Calcineurin Inhibitors (CNIs) Calcineurin inhibitors are potent immunosuppressive agents that block T-cell activation...

Medicine

Pendred Syndrome: Review

Pendred syndrome is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, often caused by mutations in the SLC26A4 gene, that causes...

Medicine / Psychiatry

Cognitive Bias in Medicine: Causes, Examples, and Prevention Strategies

Cognitive Bias Cognitive bias refers to a systematic pattern of deviation from rational judgment, whereby...

Dermatology

Holster Sign

Holster Sign is a classic cutaneous marker of dermatomyositis (DM). Definition A violaceous-to-erythematous, macular or...

Coronary artery disease

Methods to identify vulnerable plaque

Methods to identify vulnerable plaque. Vulnerable plaque = an atherosclerotic plaque prone to rupture or...

Coronary artery disease

Risk stratification and management of unstable angina and NSTEMI

Risk Stratification and Management of Unstable Angina (UA) and NSTEMI, integrating scores, biomarkers, ECG, imaging,...

Ischemic MR Repair vs Replacement Algorithm

Valvular Heart Disease

Mitral valve repair versus replacement

Mitral Valve Repair vs Replacement — high-yield comparative overview 1. Definitions 2. Indications (etiology-driven) Etiology...

Cardiomyopathy

Alcohol Septal Ablation

Alcohol Septal Ablation (ASA), aligned with ACC/AHA + ESC guidance and real-world cath-lab practice. Alcohol...

Heart Failure

Mechanical assist devices used in the treatment of heart failure

Mechanical assist devices used in the treatment of heart failure Mechanical circulatory assist devices (MCADs)...

Medicine

PET Scan Assessment of Myocardial Viability

PET Scan Assessment of Myocardial Viability (High-yield cardiology / imaging perspective) 1. Core Principle PET...

Medicine

Upstream Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation

Upstream Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Definition Upstream therapy in atrial fibrillation refers to the...

Cardiology / Coronary artery disease

Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease

Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) (Barker Hypothesis / Developmental Origins of Health and...

Cardiology / Evaluation of Patients

Optical Coherence Tomography

1. What is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Optical Coherence Tomography is an invasive intravascular imaging...

Cardiology / Coronary artery disease

100 FAQs on Newer Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndrome

100 FAQs on Newer Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndrome HIGH-LEVEL, NEET-SS / DM–oriented set of...

Cardiology

Newer biomarkers in acute coronarysyndrome

1. Novel Myocardial Injury / Necrosis Biomarkers High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (hs-cTnI / hs-cTnT) Although now...

11. The preferred echocardiographic method for AV delay optimization in CRT is: A. E/e′ ratio B. Pulmonary vein flow C. Mitral inflow E–A separation D. Tissue Doppler Ts Optimal AV delay produces longest LV filling without E/A truncation. 12. Which echo parameter is maximized during VV delay optimization? A. EF B. MR jet area C. Septal motion D. LVOT VTI LVOT VTI reflects stroke volume and is the preferred echo marker. 13. Which echocardiographic feature indicates pseudo-nonresponse to CRT? A. No EF improvement B. Inadequate biventricular pacing C. Extensive scar D. RV dysfunction Fusion beats or low BiV pacing percentage can mimic CRT failure. 14. EchoCRT trial showed harm when CRT was used in patients with: A. LBBB B. Septal flash C. EF <30% D. Narrow QRS despite dyssynchrony CRT is contraindicated in narrow QRS even if echo dyssynchrony exists. 15. Which echocardiographic sign best predicts favorable reverse remodeling? A. Apical rocking B. SPWMD C. E/A fusion D. IVMD Apical rocking reflects correctable mechanical dyssynchrony. 16. Which LV segment should be avoided for lead placement? A. Latest activated B. Lateral wall C. Scarred myocardium D. Posterolateral wall Scarred segments do not respond to resynchronization pacing. 17. Reduction in functional MR after CRT is primarily due to: A. Reduced preload B. Improved LV synchrony C. Increased LV contractility D. Shortened PR interval Synchronous contraction restores leaflet coaptation. 18. Which echo finding predicts poor CRT response in AF? A. LV dilation B. MR C. Septal flash D. Variable diastolic filling Irregular RR intervals impair effective resynchronization. 19. GLS improves after CRT due to: A. Increased preload B. Reduced afterload C. Improved synchrony D. Tachycardia CRT restores coordinated myocardial deformation. 20. Which echo parameter best reflects stroke volume? A. EF B. LVOT VTI C. E/e′ D. TAPSE LVOT VTI directly correlates with forward stroke volume. 21. RV dysfunction limits CRT benefit primarily by: A. Reduced EF B. Increased MR C. Delayed LV activation D. Reduced preload to LV RV failure limits LV filling despite resynchronization. 22. Which echo sign resolves early after effective CRT? A. Septal flash B. LV dilation C. MR jet width D. EF Septal flash disappears rapidly with restored synchrony. 23. The best echo marker of long-term prognosis after CRT is: A. EF change B. MR reduction C. LVESV reduction D. TAPSE LVESV reduction strongly correlates with survival. 24. Which echo technique is most angle-independent? A. Tissue Doppler B. M-mode C. PW Doppler D. Speckle tracking Strain imaging is largely angle-independent. 25. Which patient is least likely to respond to CRT? A. LBBB B. Septal flash C. Extensive transmural scar D. Apical rocking Scar prevents electrical–mechanical correction. 26. CRT-induced EF improvement occurs mainly due to: A. Reduced preload B. Improved contractile efficiency C. Tachycardia D. AV block Synchrony improves effective myocardial work. 27. Which echo parameter is most useful to detect fusion beats? A. EF B. MR jet C. Irregular LVOT VTI D. E/A ratio Beat-to-beat LVOT VTI variability suggests fusion. 28. The most reliable echo marker of mechanical synchrony is: A. SPWMD B. IVMD C. TDI Ts D. Strain timing Strain timing reflects true myocardial deformation. 29. In CRT patients, worsening MR suggests: A. Over-resynchronization B. Suboptimal LV lead position C. Improved preload D. Reverse remodeling Improper timing or lead placement can worsen MR. 30. Which echo sign reflects interventricular dyssynchrony? A. Septal flash B. Apical rocking C. MR D. RV–LV pre-ejection delay IVMD >40 ms indicates interventricular delay. 31. Which echo parameter is least useful post-CRT? A. SPWMD B. LVESV C. EF D. MR severity SPWMD has limited reproducibility. 32. Which CRT response parameter best predicts survival? A. EF rise B. LVESV reduction C. GLS D. TAPSE LVESV reduction has strongest prognostic value. 33. Best echo clue of effective LV capture: A. Increased HR B. EF rise C. Narrowed mechanical delay D. MR reduction Mechanical synchrony improves immediately with capture. 34. Which echo parameter improves earliest after CRT? A. LVESV B. Septal flash C. EF D. MR Mechanical dyssynchrony resolves before remodeling. 35. CRT non-response with preserved synchrony suggests: A. Lead failure B. MR progression C. AV delay error D. Myocardial disease Underlying cardiomyopathy may limit response. 36. The best echo view for septal flash detection: A. Parasternal long-axis B. Apical four-chamber C. Subcostal D. Suprasternal PLAX best demonstrates early septal inward motion. 37. Which echo finding suggests suboptimal AV delay? A. Increased EF B. Reduced MR C. Truncated A wave D. Narrow LVOT VTI A-wave truncation indicates excessively short AV delay. 38. Best echo marker to suspect LV lead dislodgement: A. EF drop B. Reappearance of septal flash C. MR D. LV dilation Return of dyssynchrony suggests loss of LV capture. 39. Which echo sign correlates with electrical LBBB correction? A. EF rise B. MR reduction C. LVESV fall D. Resolution of septal flash Septal flash directly reflects LBBB-related dyssynchrony. 40. Ultimate echocardiographic goal of CRT is: A. Narrow QRS B. Increased HR C. Reverse LV remodeling D. Reduced preload Clinical benefit is mediated through reverse remodeling.

Heart Failure

Echocardiographic assessment for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

echocardiographic assessment for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), aligned with ACC/AHA/ESC practice, echo lab workflow, and...

Medicine / Pericardial Diseases

Pericarditis – One-Liner Case Traps

Pericarditis – One-Liner Case Traps Pericarditis – 50 Ultra-Hard FAQs (NEET-SS) 1. Why does PR...

Clinical Cardiology

Cooing dove murmur

Cooing dove murmur The “Cooing Dove Murmur” (also called the “Seagull murmur”) is a musical,...

Clinical Cardiology / Medicine

A systematic approach to describing murmurs

A systematic approach to describing murmurs When you hear a murmur, document its characteristics using...

Clinical Cardiology / Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Triple Ripple Apical Impulse

The “Triple Ripple” apical impulse (also known as Triple Apical Impulse or Triple Impulse) is...

Clinical Questions / Evaluation of Patients

Kerley B Lines

🫁 Kerley Lines Overview Kerley lines are thin linear pulmonary opacities seen on chest X-ray,...

Clinical Cardiology

Dock’s murmur

Dock’s murmur Feature Description Definition A diastolic murmur heard in patients with severe coronary artery...

Clinical Questions / Congenital Heart Disease / Medicine

Roger’s murmur

Roger’s murmur Feature Roger’s Murmur (Small VSD) Cause Small, restrictive ventricular septal defect (VSD) Type...

Clinical Cardiology / Valvular Heart Disease

Austin Flint Murmur

Austin Flint Murmur Austin Flint Murmur The Austin Flint murmur is a diastolic murmur associated...

Clinical Cardiology

Cyanosis

Cyanosis Q1. Cyanosis becomes clinically apparent when deoxygenated hemoglobin exceeds: 5 g/dL 2 g/dL 10...

Clinical Cardiology / Congenital Heart Disease

Differential Cyanosis

Differential Cyanosis Differential Cyanosis – Quick 10 MCQ Quiz Classic vs reverse patterns, neonatal screening,...

Clinical Cardiology / Medicine

Fried Frailty Criteria

he Fried Frailty Criteria (also called the Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS] Frailty Phenotype) is one...

Clinical Cardiology

Friedreich’s sign

Friedreich’s sign 1. What is Friedreich’s sign? Friedreich’s sign is the rapid and deep collapse...

Clinical Cardiology

Kussmaul’s Sign

Kussmaul’s Sign – Overview 🔹 Definition Kussmaul’s sign is the paradoxical rise in jugular venous...