Duke criteria
Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis For diagnosis the requirement is: 2 major…
Granulosa cell tumors
Granulosa cell tumors Call–Exner bodies”coffee-bean” nucleiestrogen secreting tumorsBiomarker for granulosa cell tumours – Inhibin [hormone]…
Leydig cells
Which hormones are secreted by Leydig cells? Which hormones are secreted by Leydig cells?Leydig cells…
Hobnail cells
What are Hobnail cells ? Hobnailing is seen in Clear cell ovarian adenocarcinoma, Papillary thyroid…
Reinke crystals
Which conditions Reinke crystals are found? Reinke crystals are rod-like cytoplasmic inclusions which can be…
Coffee Bean Nuclei
Seen in – Granulosa cell tumors.Brenner tumor Granulosa cell tumors Tumors consists of – monotonous…
Medicine MCQs -9
Which is the largest benign ovarian tumor?
MUCINOUS CYST ADENOMA
Which is the commonest functional cysts in ovary?
Follicular cyst is the commonest functional cysts.
Meigs’ syndrome has all of the following EXCEPT
Meigs’ syndrome:
Ascites
Right side hydrothorax
Benign ovarian tumor -fibroma of the ovary, Brenner, thecoma and granulosa cell tumor
Rokitansky’s protuberance seen in which of the following cases?
Rokitansky nodule or dermoid plug refers to a solid protuberance projecting from an ovarian cyst
Rokitansky’s protuberance
- Dermoid cyst of ovary
- Area of solid projection called Rokitansky’s protuberance which is covered by skin with sweat and sebaceous glands.
- It is here that teeth and bones are found.
- Section should be made from this area
Pseudo-pseudo Meigs' syndrome is associated with -
Tjalma syndrome or pseudo-pseudo Meigs' syndrome
characterized by
- pleural effusion,
- ascites
- elevated CA-125
- with no associated benign or malignant ovarian tumor
-Seen in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Pseudo Meigs syndrome constitutes all of the following EXCEPT -
Pseudo Meigs syndrome: Ascites and pleural effusion in a patient with pelvic or abdominal tumor (other than the benign tumors included in the definition of Meigs syndrome). The tumors in pseudo-Meigs syndrome could be benign or malignant.
What is the most common complication of dermoid cyst?
Torsion is the most common (15–20%)
Rupture is an uncommon (1%) complication
Malignancy is rare - about 1–2 percent
Walthard cell nests most commonly found in
Walthard cell nests, are a benign cluster of epithelial cells most commonly found in - Most commonly found in Fallopian tubes, but also seen in the mesovarium, mesosalpinx and ovarian hilus
What is the most common tissue elements in dermoid cyst?
Most common tissue elements are ectodermal
Walthard cell rest found in -
Histologically islands of transitional epithelium - Walthard nests.
Diagnostic criteria -Type -2 Diabetes
Diagnostic criteria by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) include the following: A fasting plasma glucose…
INFO-CARDS : Medicine Review -2
Endometriosis
Theca lutein cysts
Skin Punch Biopsy
Hanifin and Rajka criteria
Duke criteria
Impetigo
Type 2 Diabetes ADA Diagnosis Criteria
Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
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Hyponatremia
What is the sodium level below which symptomatic hyponatremia occurs? MCQSymptomatic hyponatremia usually does not…
Spasticity and Rigidity
What is Spasticity? Increased tone of muscles called as spasticitySpasticity – Resistance determined by the…
Hürthle Cells
What is a Hürthle Cell? Hürthle cell is used to describe follicular-derived epithelial cells with oncocytic cytology. Oncocytes…
Medicine MCQs-8 : Frostbite
Most imminent threat to life in cold injuries is -
Systemic hypothermia - When hypothermia is identified, treatment should be instituted immediately with both passive and active rewarming measures
Mildest form of peripheral cold injury is -
The mildest form of peripheral cold injury is frostnip, which tends to occur in apical structures (nose, ears, hands, feet), where blood flow is most variable because of the richly innervated arteriovenous anastomoses.
Snow blindness is produced by -
Snow blindness is produced by ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation reflected from snow, ice, or water. It tends to be more common at high altitudes, where the air filtration of UV radiation is diminished.
“chunk of wood” sensation in the extremity is seen in -
Frost bite - “chunk of wood” sensation in the extremity
All of the following is non-freezing cold injury EXCEPT ?
Local cold injuries may be divided into freezing (frostbite) and nonfreezing (chilblains and immersion [trench] foot) injuries.
Mildest form of peripheral cold injury is frostnip
Hospital-acquired AKI
Most common clinical settings for hospital-acquired AKI- sepsis- major surgical procedures- critical illness involving heart…
Medicine MCQs – 7
What is the composition of Jackstone calculus?
Jackstone calculi - almost always composed of calcium oxalate dihydrate and consist of a dense central core and radiating spicules.
Randall's plaque is microscopically a plaque of -
Randall's plaque is microscopically a plaque of calcium deposited in the interstitial tissue of the renal papilla. These plaques are thought to serve as a nidus for urinary stone formation. Large amounts of Randall's plaque are unique to idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers.
Urease-positive bacteria increase chances of which of the following stone formation?
Urease-positive bacteria, such as Proteus mirabilis can produce the enzyme urease, which converts urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide.
This increases the urinary pH and promotes struvite stone formation.
Which of the following is used to differentiate between phleboliths and ureteric stone ?
"rim sign " - rim, ring, or halo of soft tissue visible on CT scans that completely surrounds ureteral stones.
The effect is enhanced by the local inflammation a stone produces in the ureteral wall, with subsequent edema at the site of the calculus.
The rim sign is generally missing or incomplete with phleboliths.
Which of the following is most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium oxalate: The most common type of kidney stone
High dietary intake of potassium appears to reduce the risk of stone formation because potassium promotes the urinary excretion of citrate, an inhibitor of calcium crystal formation.
If a stone grows to more than ----- millimeters, it can cause blockage of the ureter
5 mm
Which of the following is the diagnostic method to detect kidney stones?
helical CT scan with 5 millimeters (0.2 in) sections is the diagnostic method to use to detect kidney stones and confirm the diagnosis of kidney stone disease
Adding contrast to the CT scan study may sometimes help clarify a difficult or confusing case but in general, contrast obscures calcific densities and as such, contrast scans are usually only indicated during subsequent evaluation of patients with stones.
The noncontrast CT is the cornerstone of initial radiographic assessment.
Which of the following stone formation is promoted by the alkaline urine (pH >7.2) and the presence of ammonia in the urine?
Two conditions must coexist for the formation of struvite calculi. These are (1) alkaline urine (pH >7.2) and (2) the presence of ammonia in the urine.
Struvite stones are also known as triple-phosphate (3 cations associated with 1 anion), infection (or infection-induced), phosphatic, and urease stones.
Which of the following microorganism is not associated with struvite stone formation in urinary tract.
Struvite stones are formed by urinary tract infection with urease producing bacteria that splits urea to ammonium, and increases urine pH to neutral or alkaline values.
Organisms splitting urea are Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma.
E coli is not associated with struvite stones
All of the following true for Struvite stone EXCEPT ?
Struvite readily forms in alkaline conditions.
Potentiated by alkaline urine and high magnesium excretion
